I've sometimes thought that the situation Head-end View mentions could be dealt with, if it's a real problem, by modifying the pedestals to display two horizontal lights on the bottom so that 2 verticals over dark mean it's a dwarf, therefore Slow Clear, while 2 verticals over 2 horizontals = Clear, and a 45-degree over dark means it's a dwarf displaying Slow Approach, and 45-degree over 2 horizontals = Approach. And it's fail-safe, at that--if the bottom horizontal fails, it gives a more restrictive indication. (Of course there would be no need to change the pedestal aspect for Slow Approach, and there never has been a Slow Clear on a pedestal.) Nevertheless, as 452 Card points out, the engineer is supposed to know where he is and therefore what kind of signal it is. There's a parallel situation leaving Suburban Station in Philadelphia, coming out of the tunnel at 20th St. At night, on the the dwarf signal at the portal you see 2 vertical, Slow Clear, while on the next signal you see 2 vertical, Clear, because it's a pedestal.