Could any/all of this be avoided by going with any of the half dozen-odd all low-floor trolley designs that can be more or less ordered "off the shelf" from any of the major manufacturers these days?
It seems as if the all-truck designs like the Type-7 or the Boeing LRV's work fine, while the all-stub axle designs like the modern 100% low floor trams also behave well on sub-par rails. Mongrels like the Type-8 that mix heavy driven bogies fore and aft with a lightweight unpowered stub axle center bogie seem doomed to fail from the start, especially with the drawbar-based center pivot design that the low floor necessitates that will inevitably place far more sideways loads on the bogie than the turntable design on the high floor trolleys ever did.
It'll be "interesting" to see how CAF USA's spectacular dysfunctionality plays out with regards to the engineering and build quality of the '9s. We may all end up with lemons that make the 8's look like the Kinki's, and all because the T is afraid to do a 100% fleet replacement order of off-the-shelf Flexity or Citadis hardware.
It seems as if the all-truck designs like the Type-7 or the Boeing LRV's work fine, while the all-stub axle designs like the modern 100% low floor trams also behave well on sub-par rails. Mongrels like the Type-8 that mix heavy driven bogies fore and aft with a lightweight unpowered stub axle center bogie seem doomed to fail from the start, especially with the drawbar-based center pivot design that the low floor necessitates that will inevitably place far more sideways loads on the bogie than the turntable design on the high floor trolleys ever did.
It'll be "interesting" to see how CAF USA's spectacular dysfunctionality plays out with regards to the engineering and build quality of the '9s. We may all end up with lemons that make the 8's look like the Kinki's, and all because the T is afraid to do a 100% fleet replacement order of off-the-shelf Flexity or Citadis hardware.